Infancy

Infancy…?

A very young child or baby.

Young child, little child, little one new baby.

British

Ø A schoolchild between the ages of about four and eight.

Ø "Their first year at infant school"

Ø Denoting something in an early stage of its development.

Definition OF LEARNING

Learning and memory are intimately linked; tests of learning are, in fact, tests of memory. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. This definition excludes temporary behavioral changes due to arousal, fatigue, illness, medication, or biological rhythms as well as more permanent changes associated with aging, growth, or physiological intervention.

Memory

 is the product of a series of processes that include the encoding, storage, and retrieval of the representation of an experience. For learning to occur, the representations of two discrete events must be associated, which occurs when they are simultaneously active in short-term memory (memory in learning, associative memory). As long as the memory of the association remains active, it is vulnerable to modification, but once it enters long-term memory (an inactive state), it is relatively...

Two types of memory

Ø Short-term memory

Ø long-term memory

How Do Infants Learn?

In the very beginning, it may seem that your baby does nothing but eat, sleep, cry, and fill her diapers. But your infant is learning too. She can see and hear what is happening around her and can communicate her needs and interests to others. Parents can help their babies learn by playing with them.

Infancy:                 (0 -12 month)

during first six months child lifts head, liftsleg ,grasps foot ,rools over front to back , eyes move in harmony,turns to mother or cares voice, vocalizings,laughs,puts everything to mouth.

During next six months till one year child starts sitting and crawling .He can picks up small objects with both hands.He knows and turns to own name.He can stands holding furniture or stands alone for a second oe two,then collapses with a bump.He starts babbling 2 oe 3 words repeatedly.He can drinkfrom cup.He feels anxiety on strangsers look and likes to bi with the sight and hearing of mother or familiar adult/ caregive.He drops toys and watches where they go.Hecooperates with dressing,wave’s goodbye,and understands simple commands.During first year a child goes through fast changes day by day and week by week.for interest detials with respect to physical,cognitive and psychosocial development are given in the following table.

Toddlerhood:            (12-36 monhs)

During the second year….

                                           of age , a child can run and climbs on furniture.HE can walk backwards and down stairs.He can builds tower of six bricks,use 50 words,use own name-not.He can keep herself dyry during day.He demands attention and cannot share.

During the 3^rd year….

                                    Of age,a child can walks us stairs,turns while running and pulling toys.He can walk on tip toe,and hop on one foot for 3 times.He can draw person with head,cut withscissors and shar things etc.He can use spoon .He can keep herself dry at night .he knows full name and usesasks what,where and who quesations.He shows lack of corrrdination till 3years of age.He has concept of 2 or 3.He has memories conts up to 5 andcount 2-3 items.He can repeats nursery rhymes.Normally he has vocabulary of 1,500 words till age 4.He can use words for ordering perceptaion and experienes.He shows curiosityand aska endless quesations.

Childhood:

Childhood is further divided into pre-school age and school age described as unde.

Pre-school age:                       (3-5 years)

Year three of child age is counted in toddlerhood and also in pre-school age as hi can identify and count the things and colours.characteristics and indicators of 3^rd years of age are discssed above.

Development of infants

Percentual abilities during develops through information that is gatheerd from the senses, which allous children to makesense of their enviroment.

According to piaget

Piaget stages describe the development of perceptio

Sensorimotor stage:           (birth toapprox 2 month)

During this stage behaviors lack a sense of thought and logic,information is received through all the senses.

1.Reflexs                                          (0 –month)

The child uses only innate reflexes of sucking and grasping.

2.Primary circular actions                            (1-4months)

The child now has a fixation with his own body with regards to primary behaviour to explore thr environment and create schemes.

3.Secondary circular reaction                              (4-8 months)

At around 4 months,a child begins to take interset in his environment.

4.co-ordination of secondary circular reactions; (8-12 months)

Durind this period,the child begins to engage in goal-directed behaviour.

5.tertiary circular reactions                               (12-18 months)

At the stage children start using creativity and flexibility with his previous behaviours,and rules of such expermiments frequently leads to different outcomes.

6.symbolic                                                            (18-24)

At this stage,the child developes symbolicthought and the ability to mentally represent objects in his head.